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GRE Verbal Antonyms Insights and Summary and Tips
This question is probably the hardest part of the verbal section. Actually the less words a question has, the harder it is. Because you can not get help from other words or sentences or context.
Word analysis (etymology) is the process of separating a word into its parts and then using the meanings of those parts to deduce the meaning of the original word.
Word analysis is very effective in decoding the meaning of words. However, you must be careful in its application since words do not always have the same meaning as the sum of the meanings of their parts. In fact, on occasion words can have the opposite meaning of their parts. For example, by word analysis the word AWFUL should mean "full of awe," or awe-inspiring. But over the years it has come to mean just the opposite--terrible. In spite of the shortcomings, word analysis gives the correct meaning of a word (or at least a hint of it) far more often than not and therefore is a useful tool.
- Put the word in context.
If you don't recognize the meaning of a word, think of a phrase or context in which you have heard it used. Let the context of the word in a phrase or sentence suggest its probable meaning.
In our daily speech, we combine words into phrases and sentences; rarely do we use a word by itself. This can cause words that we have little trouble understanding in sentences to suddenly appear unfamiliar when we view them in isolation. For example, take the word "whet." Most people don't recognize it in isolation. Yet most people understand it in the following phrase.
- Change The Word Into A More Common Form.
Most words are built from other words. Although you may not know a given word, you may spot the root word from which it is derived and thereby deduce the meaning of the original word.
Sample: PERTURBATION:
ο impotence
ο obstruction
ο prediction
♦ equanimity
ο chivalry
Explanation: You may not know how to pronounce PERTURBATION let alone know what it means. However, changing its ending yields the more common form of the word "perturbed," which means "upset, agitated." The opposite of upset is calm, which is exactly what EQUANIMITY means. The answer is shown above.
- Test words for positive and negative Connotations.
Testing words for positive and negative connotations is probably the most effective technique for antonyms. Surprisingly, you can often solve an antonym problem knowing only that the word has a negative connotation.
Sample: REPUDIATE:
ο denounce
ο deceive
♦ embrace
ο fib
ο generalize
Explanation: You may not know what REPUDIATE means, but you probably sense that it has a negative connotation. Since we are looking for a word whose meaning is opposite of REPUDIATE, we eliminate any answer-choices that are also negative. Now, "denounce," "deceive," and "fib" are all, to varying degrees, negative. So eliminate them. "Generalize" has a neutral connotation: it can be positive, negative, or neither. So eliminate it as well. Hence, by process of elimination, the answer is shown above.
- Any GRE word that starts with "De," "Dis," or "Anti" will almost certainly be negative.
Example: Degradation, Discrepancy, Discriminating, Debase, Antipathy, etc.
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- Any GRE word that includes the notion of going up will almost certainly be positive, and any GRE word that includes the notion of going down will almost certainly be negative.
Example (positive): Elevate, Ascendancy, Lofty, etc.
Examples (negative): Decline, Subjugate, Suborn, etc.
- Watch out for eye-catchers.
On medium and hard problems some answer-choices will catch your eye by reminding you of some part of the original word or some common meaning of the word. Be wary of these choices--they are eye-catchers.
Example: SUFFRAGE:
ο absence of charity
♦ absence of franchise
ο absence of pain
ο absence of success
ο absence of malice
Explanation: SUFFRAGE is a hard word. It appears to come from the word "suffer." The opposite of suffering would be an absence of pain. However, that connection would be too easy, too obvious for this hard problem. "Absence of pain" is a trap. In fact, SUFFRAGE means "the right to vote." And FRANCHISE is a synonym for "vote." Hence, the answer is shown above.
- Be Alert To Secondary (Often Rare) Meanings Of Words.
On problems of average difficulty (the middle third), the ETS often uses common words but with their uncommon meanings.
Example: CHAMPION:
ο relinquish
ο contest
♦ oppress
ο modify
ο withhold
Explanation: The common meaning of CHAMPION is "winner." It's opposite would be "loser." But no answer-choice given above is synonymous with "loser." CHAMPION also means to support or fight for someone else. (Think of the phrase "to champion a cause.") Hence, the answer is shown above.
- Consider the 'feel' of the word. It may create a sense in you of its meaning, such as a word like 'grandiose'. It may have a positive or negative connotation, which may help you to eliminate some choices.
- Think of an opposite meaning for the capitalized word, even before you look at the actual choices.
- Read all the choices before selecting your answer.
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